- In northern China, rebellions split up the territory and a few short dynastys after were ineffective.
- Founded by Liu Pang,the first peasant emperor because he was by birth a farmer
- the last ruler of this dynasty was forced to renounce by one of the chancellors who were assigned by the emperor Xuanzong.
- An age of constant warfare and misery.
- Was a period of disunity, instability, and warfare.